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<title>Smart system</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Smart system</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Smart systems</b> are <a href="Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems">systems</a> (usually <a href="Computer_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer systems">computer systems</a> or <a href="Electronic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic system">electronic system</a>) which are able to <a href="Systems_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems integration">incorporate</a> and perform functions of <a href="Sensor" title="Sensor">sensing</a>, <a href="Actuator" title="Actuator">actuation</a>, and <a href="Control_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Control Engineering">control</a> in order to analyze a situation, based on acquired data and perform decisions in a <a href="Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">predictive</a> or <a href="Adaptive_learning" title="Adaptive learning">adaptive manner</a>, thereby performing smart actions. In most cases the <a href="Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a>/"smartness" of the system can be attributed to <a href="Automation" title="Automation">autonomous operation</a> based on <a href="Control_theory" title="Control theory">closed loop control</a>, <a href="Resource_management" title="Resource management">resource management</a>, and <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">networking</a> capabilities.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

<p>Smart systems typically consist of diverse components:

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<ul><li><a href="Sensor" title="Sensor">Sensors</a> for signal acquisition</li>

<li>Elements transmitting the information to the <a href="Command_and_control_(management)" title="Command and control (management)">command-and-control</a> unit</li>

<li>Command-and-control units that take decisions and give instructions based on the available information</li>

<li>Components transmitting decisions and instructions</li>

<li><a href="Actuator" title="Actuator">Actuators</a> that perform or trigger the required action</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div>

<p>A lot of smart systems evolved from <a href="Microsystem" title="Microsystem">microsystems</a>. They combine technologies and components from microsystems technology (miniaturized electric, mechanical, optical, and fluidic devices) with other disciplines like biology, chemistry, <a href="Nanoscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoscience">nanoscience</a>, or <a href="Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive sciences</a>.

</p><p>There are three generations of smart systems:

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<ul><li>First-generation smart systems: <a href="Outline_of_object_recognition" title="Outline of object recognition">object recognition</a> devices, <a href="Driver_Monitoring_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Driver Monitoring System">driver status monitoring</a>, and multifunctional devices for <a href="Invasiveness_of_surgical_procedures" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasiveness of surgical procedures">minimally invasive surgery</a></li>

<li>Second-generation smart systems: active miniaturized artificial organs like <a href="Cochlear_implants" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochlear implants">cochlear implants</a> or <a href="Artificial_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pancreas">artificial pancreas</a>, advanced energy management systems, and environmental sensor networks</li>

<li>Third-generation smart systems: combine technical “intelligence” and cognitive functions so that they can provide an interface between the virtual and the physical world</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges">Challenges</h3></div>

<p>A major challenge in smart systems technology is the <a href="System_integration" title="System integration">integration</a> of a multitude of diverse components, developed and produced in very different technologies and materials. Focus is on the design and manufacturing of completely new marketable products and services for specialized applications (e.g., in medical technologies), and for mass market applications (e.g., in the automotive industries).

</p><p>In an industrial context, and when emphasizing the combination of components with the aim of merging their functional and technical abilities into an <a href="Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperable</a> system, the term "smart systems integration" is used. This term reflects the industrial requirement and particular challenge of integrating different technologies, component sizes, and materials into one system.

</p><p>The systems approach calls for integrated design and manufacturing and has to bring together interdisciplinary technological approaches and solutions (<a href="Converging_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Converging technologies">converging technologies</a>). Manufacturing companies as well as research institutes therefore face challenges in terms of specialized technological know-how, skilled labor, design tools, and equipment needed for the research, design and manufacturing of integrated smart systems.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_area_for_smart_systems">Applications area for smart systems</h2></div>

<p>Smart systems address environmental, societal, and economic challenges like limited resources, climate change, <a href="Population_ageing" title="Population ageing">population ageing</a>, and globalization. They are for that reason increasingly used in a large number of sectors. Key sectors in this context are transportation, healthcare, energy, safety and security, logistics, ICT, and manufacturing.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div>

<p>In terms of environmental challenges, smart solutions for energy management and distribution, smart control of electrical drives, smart logistics, or energy-efficient facility management could, by 2020, reduce global emissions by 23%, with an equivalent of 9.2 <a href="Gigatonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigatonne">Gt</a> <a href="Carbon_dioxide_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide equivalent">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>e</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automotive_sector">Automotive sector</h3></div>

<p>In the <a href="Automotive_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive sector">automotive sector</a>, smart systems integration will be a key enabler for <a href="Collision_avoidance_system" title="Collision avoidance system">pre-crash systems</a> and predictive driver assistance features to reach the goal of the Road Safety Action Plan to halve the number of <a href="Traffic_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic deaths">traffic deaths</a> by 2020. Furthermore, smart systems are considered fundamental for sustainable and energy-efficient mobility, e.g., hybrid and electric traction.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_of_Things">Internet of Things</h3></div>

<p>Smart systems also considerably contribute to the development of the future <a href="Internet_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet of Things">Internet of Things</a>, in that they provide smart functionality to everyday objects, e.g., to industrial goods in the <a href="Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a>, or to food products in the food supply chain. With the help of active <a href="Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">RFID</a> technology, wireless sensors, real-time sense and response capability, energy efficiency, as well as networking functionality, objects will become smart objects. These smart objects could support the elderly and the disabled. The close tracking and monitoring of food products could improve food supply and quality. Smart industrial goods could store information about their origin, destination, components, and use. And <a href="Waste_disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste disposal">waste disposal</a> could become a truly efficient individual <a href="Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> process.

</p><p><a href="Personalized_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalized gun">Armatix</a> developed <a href="Armatix_iP1" title="Armatix iP1">a pistol</a> that uses an <a href="Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">RFID</a>-active wristwatch to function.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3></div>

<p>In the healthcare sector, smart systems technology leads to better diagnostic tools, to better treatment and quality of life for patients by simultaneously reducing costs of public healthcare systems. Key developments in this sector are smart miniaturized devices and <a href="Artificial_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial organs">artificial organs</a> like <a href="Artificial_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pancreas">artificial pancreas</a> or <a href="Cochlear_implant" title="Cochlear implant">cochlear implants</a>.

</p><p>For example, <a href="Lab-on-a-chip" title="Lab-on-a-chip">Lab-on-a-chip</a> devices have biochemical sensors that detect specific <a href="Molecular_marker" title="Molecular marker">molecular markers</a> in body fluids or tissue. They can include multiple functionalities such as sample taking, sample preparation, and sample pre-treatment, data processing, and storage, implantable systems which can be reabsorbed by the body after use, non-invasive sensors based on <a href="Transdermal_implants" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal implants">transdermal</a> principles, or devices for responsive administration of medication. In healthcare, smart systems often operate autonomously and within networks, because those systems are able to provide real-time monitoring, diagnosis, interaction with other devices, and communication with the patient or physician.

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<ul><li><a href="Internet_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet of Things">Internet of Things</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li>

<li><a href="RoboBee" title="RoboBee">RoboBee</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_city" title="Smart city">Smart city</a></li>

<li><a href="Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">Microelectromechanical systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_Intelligence_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence of Things">Artificial Intelligence of Things</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<ul><li>Akhras, G., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo1/no3/doc/25-32-eng.pdf">"Smart Materials and Smart Systems for the Future"</a>, <i>Canadian Military Journal</i>, 08/2000</li>

<li>European Commission ICT Work Programme 2007-08 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ict/docs/ict-wp-2007-08_en.pdf">[1]</a></li>

<li>European Commission ICT Work Programme 2009-10 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ict/docs/ict-wp-2009-10_en.pdf">[2]</a></li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFVDE-Verlag2008" class="citation book cs1">Gessner, Thomas, ed. (2008). <i>Smart systems integration 2008 : 2nd European Conference & Exhibition on Integration Issues of Miniaturized Systems - MEMS, MOEMS, ICs and Electronic Components, Barcelona, Spain, 9-10 April 2008</i>. Berlin: VDE-Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-8007-3081-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGessner2007" class="citation book cs1">Gessner, Thomas (2007). <i>Smart system integration 2007 Paris, France 27. - 28.03.2007; with CD-ROM</i>. BerlinOffenbach: VDE-Verl. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-8007-3009-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGessner2013" class="citation book cs1">Gessner, Thomas (2013). <i>Smart systems integration</i>. BerlinOffenbach: VDE-Verl. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-8007-3490-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>Meyer, G. et al.: Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 2009 - Smart Systems for Safety, Sustainability and Comfort, Springer 2009</li>

<li>Internet-of-Things in 2020 – A roadmap for the future, 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105201328/http://www.smart-systems-integration.org/public/electric-vehicle/documents/strategy_paper">[3]</a></li>

<li>Strategy Paper “Smart Systems for the Full Electric Vehicle”, 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.smart-systems-integration.org/public/electric-vehicle/related-documents/strategy_paper.pdf">[4]</a></li>

<li>Varadan, V. K.: <i>Handbook of Smart Systems and Materials</i>, Inst Of Physics Pub, London 2005</li>

<li>Wadhawan, V. K.: <i>Smart Structures</i>, Oxford University Press 2005</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2018" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Gereon; et al. (2018). <i>Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 2018: Smart Systems for Clean, Safe and Shared Road Vehicles</i>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-319-99762-9</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smart-systems-integration.org/">The European Technology Platform on Smart Systems Integration</a> (EPoSS)

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smart-systems-integration.org/publication/eposs-sra-2017">EPoSS Strategic Research Agenda 2017</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssi-trademark.org/showcase/">Product Showcase</a> Smart Systems Integrated®</li></ul></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesago.de/en/SSI/main.htm">Smart Systems Integration 2009</a> - European Conference and Exhibition</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amaa.de/">Smart Systems for Clean, Safe and Shared Road Vehicles</a> – 22nd International Forum on Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications (AMAA 2018)</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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